# BPC-157 References: The Cited Studies and Primary Sources | BPC-157

> BPC-157 references — the full citation register behind this console, with PubMed and DOI links: the transected-Achilles study, the PK/ADME characterization, the VEGFR2 angiogenesis work, the human pilots, and the FDA regulatory sources.

The full reference register behind this console — peer-reviewed BPC-157 studies with PubMed and DOI identifiers, the 2024-2026 reviews and human pilots, and the FDA primary sources behind the legal-status page.

## How this register is organized

These BPC-157 references are the complete citation set used across this console, each one resolvable to a primary source. The peptide studies carry PubMed IDs and DOIs; the regulatory sources are FDA.gov pages and one secondary legal analysis. Where the console states a number — a dose, a half-life, an inhibition ratio, a category — it maps to an entry here.

The register reflects the shape of the evidence itself: a deep preclinical core, a 2024-2026 layer of reviews and the first human pilots, and a regulatory block for the legal-status page. The full list follows.

## References

[1] Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14554208/
[2] He L, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1026182. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36588717/
[3] Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95(3):323-333. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27847966/
[4] Xue XC, et al. Protective effects of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on gastric ulcer in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10(7):1032-1037. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15052688/
[5] Chang CH, et al. The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011;110(3):774-780. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21030672/
[6] Chang CH, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014;19(11):19066-19077. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25415472/
[7] Gjurasin M, et al. Peptide therapy with pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in traumatic nerve injury. Regul Pept. 2010;160(1-3):33-41. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19903499/
[8] Sikiric P, et al. Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2016;14(8):857-865. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27138887/
[9] Hsieh MJ, et al. Modulatory effects of BPC 157 on vasomotor tone and the activation of Src-Caveolin-1-endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):17078. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33051481/
[10] Lee E, Padgett B. Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain. Altern Ther Health Med. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34324435/
[11] Lee E, Walker C, Ayadi B. Effect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39325560/
[12] McGuire FP, et al. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789979/
[13] Sikiric P, et al. The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024;17(4):461. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38675421/
[14] Lee E, Burgess K. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40131143/
[15] Tracheocutaneous Fistula Resolved by Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy Through the NO-System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2026;19(1):145. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41599743/
[16] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (BPC-157 entry; list update effective September 29, 2023). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks
[17] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (Category 1 and Category 2 definitions; enforcement-discretion policy). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/bulk-drug-substances-used-compounding-under-section-503a-fdc-act
[18] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Interim Policy on Compounding Using Bulk Drug Substances Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (guidance; bulks-list nomination and PCAC framework). https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/interim-policy-compounding-using-bulk-drug-substances-under-section-503a-federal-food-drug-and
[19] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (agenda listing BPC-157, KPV, TB-500, and MOTs-C as substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List). https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/july-23-24-2026-meeting-pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee-07232026
[20] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Compounding and the FDA: Questions and Answers (503A patient-specific compounding and 503B outsourcing-facility pathway; ingredient-eligibility requirements). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/compounding-and-fda-questions-and-answers
[21] McDermott Will & Emery. End of an Era: FDA Retires 2017 Interim Policies for Bulk Drug Lists (legal analysis of the January 7, 2025 FDA action). https://www.mcdermottlaw.com/insights/end-of-an-era-fda-retires-2017-interim-policies-for-bulk-drug-lists/
[22] World Anti-Doping Agency. The Prohibited List (BPC-157 falls under the S0 non-approved-substances category, prohibited at all times in sport). https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list

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A liquid-glass console reading of the peer-reviewed BPC-157 record — each datum refracted back to its source, the human-data gap left lit, and no clinic behind the panel.